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"abstract": "Abstract\n \n We benchmark the decoherence of superconducting transmon qubits to examine the temporal stability of energy relaxation, dephasing, and qubit transition frequency. By collecting statistics during measurements spanning multiple days, we find the mean parameters\n \n \n $$\\overline {T_1}$$\n \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n \n = 49 μs and\n \n \n $$\\overline {T_2^ \\ast }$$\n \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n 2\n \n \n *\n \n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n \n = 95 μs; however, both of these quantities fluctuate, explaining the need for frequent re-calibration in qubit setups. Our main finding is that fluctuations in qubit relaxation are local to the qubit and are caused by instabilities of near-resonant two-level-systems (TLS). Through statistical analysis, we determine sub-millihertz switching rates of these TLS and observe the coherent coupling between an individual TLS and a transmon qubit. Finally, we find evidence that the qubit’s frequency stability produces a 0.8 ms limit on the pure dephasing which we also observe. These findings raise the need for performing qubit metrology to examine the reproducibility of qubit parameters, where these fluctuations could affect qubit gate fidelity.\n ",
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"abstract": "\n Scaling the number of qubits while maintaining high-fidelity quantum gates remains a key challenge for quantum computing. Presently, superconducting quantum processors with >50 qubits are actively available. For these systems, fixed-frequency transmons are attractive because of their long coherence and noise immunity. However, scaling fixed-frequency architectures proves challenging because of precise relative frequency requirements. Here, we use laser annealing to selectively tune transmon qubits into desired frequency patterns. Statistics over hundreds of annealed qubits demonstrate an empirical tuning precision of 18.5 MHz, with no measurable impact on qubit coherence. We quantify gate error statistics on a tuned 65-qubit processor, with median two-qubit gate fidelity of 98.7%. Baseline tuning statistics yield a frequency-equivalent resistance precision of 4.7 MHz, sufficient for high-yield scaling beyond 10\n 3\n qubit levels. Moving forward, we anticipate selective laser annealing to play a central role in scaling fixed-frequency architectures.\n ",
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"abstract": "Abstract\n \n The ability to perform entangling quantum operations with low error rates in a scalable fashion is a central element of useful quantum information processing\n 1\n . Neutral-atom arrays have recently emerged as a promising quantum computing platform, featuring coherent control over hundreds of qubits\n 2,3\n and any-to-any gate connectivity in a flexible, dynamically reconfigurable architecture\n 4\n . The main outstanding challenge has been to reduce errors in entangling operations mediated through Rydberg interactions\n 5\n . Here we report the realization of two-qubit entangling gates with 99.5% fidelity on up to 60 atoms in parallel, surpassing the surface-code threshold for error correction\n 6,7\n . Our method uses fast, single-pulse gates based on optimal control\n 8\n , atomic dark states to reduce scattering\n 9\n and improvements to Rydberg excitation and atom cooling. We benchmark fidelity using several methods based on repeated gate applications\n 10,11\n , characterize the physical error sources and outline future improvements. Finally, we generalize our method to design entangling gates involving a higher number of qubits, which we demonstrate by realizing low-error three-qubit gates\n 12,13\n . By enabling high-fidelity operation in a scalable, highly connected system, these advances lay the groundwork for large-scale implementation of quantum algorithms\n 14\n , error-corrected circuits\n 7\n and digital simulations\n 15\n .\n ",
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